This updated volume provides a practical guide to decision making within CIRURGIA. Focussed chapters contain pithy analyses and recommendations that allow useful information to be identified at a glance. All new chapters bring insight into the challenges faced operating on the lung, esophagus, diaphragm, airway, pleaura, mediastinum, and chest wall. Difficult Decisions in CIRURGIA aims to help the reader navigate the complexities of CIRURGIA through clearly formatted and evidence-based chapters. The book is relevant to practicing and trainee surgeons, as well as medical professionals working within CIRURGIA.