Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common primary malignancy of the kidney, with an estimated 64,000 new cases diagnosed each year in the United States. Worldwide, this figure approaches 270,000 annual incident cases. At the time of initial presentation, 80% of patients with RCC will be diagnosed with a tumor localized the kidney. The majority of these lesions will be small (i.e.  4 cm) and potentially curable with either partial or radical nephrectomy. In recent decades, the rate of incidentally detected small renal tumors has risen substantially due the increasing use of cross-sectional imaging performed across the field of medicine. This rise in the incident number of localized renal tumors has unfortunately not resulted in a corresponding decrease in cases of metastatic RCC.