Military and non-military experts trained to respond to victims of terrorism in the United States present a comprehensive review of biological warfare and Bioterrorism in this edition of the Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. Individual articles address the history and threat of biological warfare and Bioterrorism, major and other threat syndromes in Bioterrorism (CDC Category A, Category B, and Category C Agents), diagnostic analyses of threat syndromes, medical management of suspected victims of Bioterrorism, management of vulnerable populations and co-morbid conditions, emergency mental health management, mass casualty triage, emergency department and hospital preparedness, preparing the community and EMS system, and the federal, state and local response. In light of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, this issue is essential for every emergency medicine physician and emergency department in the United States.