Oxy-fuel combustion is a power generation and CO2 capture option for advanced power plants in which fuel is burnt in an oxygen-rich environment instead of in air. This allows for a reduction in NOx and SOx emissions as well as producing a high-purity CO2 flue gas stream. This high-purity stream allows for more efficient and economical CO2 capture, processing and sequestration. This book critically reviews the fundamental principles, processes and technology of oxy-fuel combustion, including advanced concepts for its implementation.