"The Synapse" summarizes recent advances in cellular and molecular mechanisms of synaptic transmission and provides new insights into neuronal plasticity and the cellular basis of neurological diseases. Part 1 provides an in-depth look at structural differences and distribution of various pre- and post-synaptic proteins found at glutamatergic synapses. Part 2 is dedicated to dendritic spines and their associated perisynaptic glia, which together constitute the tripartite synapse. The spines are portrayed as major sites for calcium sequestration and local protein synthesis. Part 3 highlights the important regional and cellular differences between glutamatergic transmission and that of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and acetylcholine that arecommonly found in axon terminals without synaptic membrane specializations. Part 4 provides an overview of the synapse from the time of formation to degeneration under the powerful influence of aging and/or hormonal decline that leads to severe deficits in cognitive function. Each of the chapters is illustrated with drawings and images derived from calcium imaging, electron microscopic immunolabeling, and/or electrophysiology. This will be a welcome reference for neuroscientists and clinical neurologists in both research and clinical settings. A comprehensive reference focused on the structure and function of the synapseCovers the links between the synapse and neural plasticity and the cellular basis of neurologic diseaseDetailed coverage of dendritic spines and associated perisynaptic glia-the tripartite synapseIncludes in-depth coverage of synapse degeneration due to aging and/or hormonal decline related to severe cognitive impairment