The second, fully updated edition of this book applies and contextualizes up-to-date information on pediatric surgery for low and middle-income countries (LMICs). The book is organized in general anatomic and thematic sections within pediatric surgery, such as UROLOGIA, oncology, orthopedics and gastroenterology and includes chapters addressing the unique challenges and approaches for pediatric surgery in low-resource settings. Each chapter has dual authorship LMIC author providing context-specific insights and authors from high-income countries (HICs) contributing experience from well-resourced settings.Written in a reader-friendly format, this book has a uniform structure in each chapter, with introduction, demographics, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentations, investigations, management, outcome, prevention, ethics, evidence-based surgery and references.