The rapid advances and industry demands for networked delivery of information and pictures through computer networks and cable television has created a need for new techniques and standards for the packaging and delivery of digital information. This book has the latest information by experts on all standards, methods and protocols. Features Latest Internet protocols for wireless communications Transcoding of Internet multimedia for universal access ATM and ISDN chapters Videoconferencing standards Speech and audio coding standards Multi-casting Latest image compression techniques Preface This book is a collection of invited chapters on multimedia communications contributed by experts in the field. We use the term multimedia communications to encompass the delivery of multiple media content such as text, graphics, voice, video, still images, and audio over communications networks to users. Note that several of these media types may be part of a particular interaction between (or among) users, and thus we are not simply considering networks that support different traffic types. We are specifically interested in applications that incorporate multiple media types to deliver the desired information. Example applications of interest include two-way, multipoint videoconferencing and one-way streaming of video and audio in conjunction with text or graphical data. The topics covered in the book were carefully selected to provide critical background material on multimedia communications and to expose the reader to key aspects of the hottest areas in the field. Chapter 1, Multimedia Communications: Source Representations, Networks, and Applications, provides a context for the rest of the book, but each chapter is intended to stand alone and the chapters can be read in any order so that readers may get the necessary information as efficiently as possible. Among the topics discussed are wireline network technologies and services, compression standards, video-on-demand, IP telephony, wideband wireless data, IP over wireless, transcoding of multimedia content, and multicasting. It would be difficult to find a more timely collection of topics in a single volume anywhere. The book is intended for beginners and experts alike, and the chapters are descriptive in nature, focused primarily on the presentation of results, insights, and key concepts, with a minimum of mathematical analyses and abstraction. The beginner will be able to get a good overview of the field and an introduction to fundamental ideas, while the expert will be able to discern very quickly what technologies are critical to current applications and what technologies will form the basis for future services and products. The authors are chosen from both industry and academia in order to give the reader as clear a view of current practices and future directions as possible. In reading these chapters myself, I am amazed at how much content the authors have been able to include in so few pages. I am most appreciative of these authors and their efforts, and I want to thank Joel Claypool at Academic Press for his guidance and patience. I hope that each reader finds this book of great value. Contents Preface xvList of Contributors xviiChapter 1:Multimedia Communications: Source Representations,Networks, and Applications 1Jerry D. Gibson1.1 Introduction 11.2 Networks and Network Services 31.3 Multimedia Sources 61.4 Source and Destination Terminals 81.5 Applications of Multimedia Communications Networks 91.5.1 Video Streaming to Multiple Users 101.5.2 Videoconferencing 111.6 Conclusions 121.7 For Further Reading 12Chapter 2:Future Telecommunication Networks: Traffic and Technologies 13Leonid G. Kazovsky, Giok-Djan Khoe, and M. Oskar van Deventer2.1 Key Technologies 142.2 Impact of Competition 162.3 Four Traffic Hypotheses 172.3.1 Hypothesis 1: Conventional Growth 172.3.2 Hypothesis 2: The Internet Age 182.3.3 Hypotheses 3 and 4: The Digital Video Age 182.3.4 HDTV in the United States 202.3.5 Traffic Attributes 202.4 Synergy: Future Projections 212.5 Summary and Conclusions 222.6 Bibliography 22Chapter 3:Speech Coding Standards 25Andreas S. SpaniasAbstract 253.1 Introduction 253.2 Speech Analysis-Synthesis and Linear Prediction 273.2.1 Long-Term Prediction (LTP) 293.3 Linear Prediction and Speech Coding Standards 293.3.1 Open-Loop Linear Prediction 293.3.2 Standards Based on Analysis-by-Synthesis Linear Prediction 323.4 Standards Based on Subband and Transform Coders 393.4.1 The ITU G.722 Subband Coder 393.4.2 Sinusoidal Transform Coding 403.4.3 The Multiband Excitation Coder and the Inmarsat-M Standard 403.5 Summary and Emerging Standards 413.6 References 42Chapter 4:Audio Coding Standards 45Chi-Min Liu and Wen-Whei Chang4.1 Introduction 454.2 ISO/MPEG Audio Coding Standards 454.2.1 MPEG-1 464.2.2 MPEG-2 484.2.3 MPEG-4 494.3 Other Audio Coding Standards 504.3.1 Philips PASC 504.3.2 Sony ATRAC 514.3.3 Dolby AC-3 524.4 Architectural Overview 534.4.1 Psychoacoustic Modeling 534.4.2 Time-Frequency Mapping 544.4.3 Quantization 544.4.4 Variable-Length Coding 564.4.5 Multichannel Correlation and Irrelevancy 574.4.6 Long-Term Correlation 574.4.7 Pre-echo Control 584.4.8 Bit Allocation 594.5 Conclusions 594.6 Definitions of Key Terms 594.7 References 604.8 Bibliography 60Chapter 5:Still Image Compression Standards 61Michael W. Hoffman and Khalid Sayood5.1 Introduction 615.2 Lossy Compression 625.2.1 JPEG 625.2.2 JPEG2000 685.3 Lossless Compression 715.3.1 JPEG 715.3.2 JPEG-LS 715.4 Bilevel Image Compression 735.4.1 JBIG 735.4.2 JBIG2 785.5 Definitions of Key Terms 795.6 References 805.7 Bibliography 80Chapter 6:Multimedia Conferencing Standards 81David Lindbergh6.1 Introduction 816.2 H.320 for ISDN Videoconferencing 826.2.1 The H.320 Standards Suite 836.2.2 Multiplex 846.2.3 System Control Protocol 846.2.4 Audio Coding 856.2.5 Video Coding 866.2.6 H.231 and H.243: Multipoint 876.2.7 H.233 and H.234: Encryption 896.2.8 H.331 Broadcast 896.3 H.320 Network Adaptation Standards: H.321 and H.322 896.3.1 H.321: Adaptation of H.320 to ATM and B-ISDN 906.3.2 H.322: Adaptation of H.320 to IsoEthernet 906.4 A New Generation: H.323, H.324, and H.310 906.4.1 H.245 Control Protocol 916.4.2 Audio and Video Codecs 916.4.3 H.323 for Packet Switched Networks 936.4.4 H.324 for Lot-Bit-Rate Circuit Switched Networks 966.4.5 H.310 for ATM and B-ISDN Networks 986.5 T.120 for Data Conferencing and Conference Control 986.6 Summary 986.7 References 99Chapter 7:MPEG-1 and -2 Compression 101Tom Lookabaugh7.1 Introduction 1017.2 The MPEG Model 1017.2.1 Key Applications and Problems 1027.2.2 Strategy for Standardization 1027.3 MPEG Video 1037.3.1 The Basic Algorithm 1037.3.2 Temporal Prediction 1067.3.3 Frequency Domain Decomposition 1107.3.4 Quantization 1117.3.5 Variable-Length Coding 1127.3.6 Rate Control 1137.3.7 Constrained Parameters, Levels, and Profiles 1147.4 Summary 116Chapter 8:MPEG-4 and MPEG-7 117Jerry D. Gibson8.1 Introduction 1178.2 MPEG-4 1188.2.1 MPEG-4 Systems Model 1208.2.2 Natural Video Coding 1248.2.3 Audio and Speech Coding 1258.3 MPEG-7 1278.4 Summary 1288.5 References 128Chapter 9:ATM Network Technology 129Yoichi Maeda and Koichi Asatani9.1 Introduction 1299.2 Overview 1309.2.1 Background 1309.2.2 Basic ATM Concept 1319.2.3 ATM Network Protocol Structure 1319.2.4 International Standardization and Recommendations 1329.3 Physical Layer Specifications 1339.3.1 Basic Characteristics of the TC Sublayer 134 9.3.2 Interface Bit Rates 1349.4 ATM Layer Specifications 1349.5 ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)Specifications 1359.6 Network Aspects of B-ISDN 1359.6.1 Traffic Control 1359.6.2 ATM Layer Performance 1379.6.3 OAM Functions 1389.6.4 Signaling Procedure 1389.6.5 VB5 Interfaces 1399.7 Other ATM Network Technologies 1409.7.1 IP Over ATM 1409.7.2 MPEG2 Over ATM 1419.8 Concluding Remarks 1419.9 Definitions of Key Terms 1419.10 Bibliography 1429.11 For Further Information 142Chapter 10:ISDN 143Koichi Asatani and Toshinori Tsuboi10.1 Introduction 14310.1.1 General Features of ISDN 14310.1.2 Service Aspects of ISDN 14410.1.3 Access Features 14610.2 ISDN User-Network Interfaces 14610.2.1 ISDN UNI Structure 14610.2.2 Reference Configurations andReference Points 14710.2.3 Interface Features 14810.3 Layers 1, 2, and 3 Specifications of UNI 15110.3.1 Layered Structure 15110.3.2 Basic Interface Layer 1 15110.3.3 Primary Rate Interface Layer 15810.3.4 Layer 2 Specification 16210.3.5 Layer 3 Specification 16810.4 Access Transmission Line Systems 17110.4.1 Outline of Transmission Line System 17110.4.2 Metallic Transmission Line Systemfor Basic Access 17210.4.3 Primary Rate Transmission System 17610.5 References 177Chapter 11:Video-on-Demand Broadcasting Protocols 179Steven W. Carter, Darrell D. E. Long, and Jehan-Francois Pris11.1 Introduction 17911.2 Common Terms and Concepts 18011.3 Staggered Broadcasting Protocols 18011.4 Pyramid Broadcasting Protocols 18111.5 Harmonic Broadcasting Protocols 18411.6 Summary 18611.7 Definitions of Key Terms 18711.8 References 18811.9 For Further Information 189Chapter 12:Internet Telephony Technology and Standards Overview 191Bernard S. Ku12.1 Introduction 19112.2 Internet Telephony Architecture Overview 19212.3 Related Internet Telephony Standards 19412.3.1 IETF 19512.3.2 ETSI Telecommunications and Internet ProtocolHarmonization Over Networks (TIPHON) 19512.3.3 ITU-T 19612.3.4 T1S1 19812.4 Current and Developing Internet Telephony Protocols 19812.4.1 H.323 19812.4.2 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) 20012.4.3 Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP) 20212.4.4 MEGACO/H.248 (H.GCP) 20312.5 How Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP) Works 20512.5.1 PSTN Gateways 20512.5.2 VoIP Gatways 20612.5.3 IPTel Gateways 20712.6 Open Issues in Internet Telephony 20912.7 IN/IP Integration 21012.7.1 New Elements/Functions Required 21112.7.2 Special Extensions Required 21212.7.3 New IN/IP Interworking Interfaces 21312.7.4 Information Flow for Click-to-Dial (CTD) Service 21412.8 SS7/IP Integration 21512.8.1 Transport of SS7 Over IP-Related Protocols 21612.8.2 Interworking of SS7 with IP-Related Protocols 21612.8.3 Future of IP/SS7 21712.9 Concluding Remarks 21712.10 Glossary 21712.11 Definitions of Key Terms 21812.12 Acknowledgments 21912.13 Bibliography 219Chapter 13:Wideband Wireless Packet Data Access 221Justin Chuang, Leonard J. Cimini, Jr., and Nelson Sollenberger13.1 Introduction 22113.1.1 The Wireless Data Opportunity 22113.1.2 Current Wireless Data Systems 22213.1.3 Emerging and Future Wireless Data Options 22313.1.4 Summary and Outline of the Chapter 22513.2 Packet Data Access Using WCDMA 22513.2.1 Variable-Rate Packet Data 22513.3 Packet Data Access Using EDGE 22813.3.1 Link Adaptation and Incremental Redundancy 22913.4 Packet Data Access Using Wideband OFDM 23213.4.1 Physical-Layer Techniques 23213.4.2 Physical-Layer Solutions 23213.4.3 Frequency Reuse and Spectral Efficiency 23413.4.4 Dynamic Packet Assignment Protocol 23513.4.5 Dynamic Packet Assignment Performance 23513.4.6 Radio Link Resource Organization 23613.4.7 Frame Structure for Dynamic Packet Assignment 23913.4.8 Simulation Model 24013.4.9 Simulation Peformance Results 24113.5 Conclusions 24413.6 References 244Chapter 14:Internet Protocols Over Wireless Networks 247George C. Polyzos and George XylomenosAbstract 24714.1 Introduction 24714.2 Internet Protocols and Wireless Links 24814.2.1 Internet Transport Layer Protocols 24814.2.2 Protocol Performance Over a SingleWireless Link 24914.2.3 Protocol Performance Over Multiple Links 25114.3 Performance Enhancements for Internet Protocols 25314.3.1 Approaches at the Transport Layer 25314.3.2 Approaches Below the Transport Layer 25414.4 The Future: Challenges and Opportunities 25614.4.1 Wireless System Evolution 25614.4.2 Goals for Protocol Evolution 25714.5 Summary 25814.6 References 258Chapter 15:Transcoding of the Internet's Multimedia Content for Universal Access 261Richard Han and John R. Smith15.1 Introduction 26115.1.1 Adapting to Bandwidth Heterogeneity 26215.1.2 Adapting to Client Heterogeneity 26515.2 End-to-End vs. Proxy-Based Transcoding Designs 26615.3 Architecture of a Transcoding Proxy 27115.4 To Transcode or Not to Transcode 27415.4.1 A Store-and-Forward Image Transcoding Proxy 27415.4.2 A Streamed Image Transcoding Proxy 27715.5 Transcoding Policies for Selecting Content 28015.5.1 Optimal Policies for Offline Pretranscoding 28115.5.2 Policies for Real-Time Transcoding 28415.6 A Sample Set of Transcoding Policies 28915.7 Related Issues 29115.8 Acknowledgments 29315.9 References 293Chapter 16:Multicasting: Issues and Networking Support 297Upkar Varshney16.1 Introduction 29716.2 Multicasting Support 29816.3 Multicasting in IP-Based Networks 29916.3.1 Routing Protocols for IP Multicast 30116.3.2 Multimedia Support and IP Multicasting 30116.3.3 Multimedia Multicasting Applications on the MBone 30216.4 Multicasting in ATM Networks 30216.4.1 Multicasting Schemes for ATM Networks 30316.5 IP Multicasting Over ATM 30516.5.1 Problems in RSVP Over ATM 30516.5.2 IP Multicast Over ATM in VBNS 30616.6 Reliable Multicast Transport Protocols 30616.7 Multicasting in Wireless Networks 30716.7.1 Issues in IP Multicasting Over Wireless 30816.7.2 Multicast Support in Wireless ATM 30816.8 Summary and the Future of Multicasting 30816.9 Definitions of Key Terms 30916.10 References 30916.11 For Further Reading 310Index 311