Preface PART 1 Plato and the Trial of Socrates What is Philosophy? Euthyphro: Defining Philosophical Terms The Apology, Phaedo, and Crito: The Trial, Immortality, and Death of Socrates PART 2 The Value and Methods of Philosophy What is the Value of Philosophy? Russell: The Value of Philosophy What is the Best Approach to Philosophy? Peirce: Four Approaches to Philosophy Feigl: The Scientific Approach PART 3 Philosophy of Religion Can We Prove God Exists? St. Anselm: The Ontological Argument St. Thomas Aquinas: Critique of Anselm and the Cosmological Argument Paley: The Teleological Argument Pascal: It Is Better to Believe in Gods Existence Than to Deny It Kierkegaard: Faith, Not Logic, Is the Basis of Belief Does the Idea of a Good God Exclude Evil? Hume: A Good God Would Exclude Evil Hick: God Can Allow Some Evil PART 4 Ethics Are Humans Free? Holbach: Humans Are Determined James: Humans Are Free Are Ethics Relative? Benedict: Ethics Are Relative Stace: Ethics Are Not Relative Are Humans Always Selfish? Humans Are Always Selfish: Glaucons Challenge to Socrates Rachels: Humans Are Not Always Selfish Which Is Basic in Ethics: Happiness or Obligation? Aristotle: Happiness is Living Virtuously Bentham: Happiness is Seeking the Greatest Pleasure for the Greatest Number of People. Kant: Duty is Prior to Happiness Nietzsche: Power is the Highest Value Sartre: Existentialist Ethics Held: Feminist Ethics are Different PART 5 Knowledge What is Knowledge? Plato: Knowledge is Warranted, True Belief How Do We Acquire Knowledge? Descartes: Knowledge Is Not Ultimately Sense Knowledge Locke: Knowledge Is Ultimately Sensed Kant: Knowledge Is Both Rational and Empirical How Is Truth Established? Russell: Truth Is Established by Correspondence Bradley: Truth Is Established by Coherence James: Truth Is Established on Pragmatic Grounds Can We Know the Nature of Causal Relations? Hume: Cause Means Regular Association Hume: There Are No Possible Grounds for Induction PART 6 Metaphysics Why is there Something rather than Nothing? Parmenides: Being is Uncaused Lao Tzu: Non-Being is the Source of Being Is Reality General or Particular? Plato: Universals Are Real Hume: Particulars Are Real Of What Does Reality Consist? Descartes: Reality Consists of Mind and Matter Taylor: Reality Consists of Matter Berkeley: Reality Consists of Ideas Dewey: Reality Consists of Mental and Physical Qualities Do Humans Have an Identical Self? Locke: Human Beings Have an Identical Self Hume: Human Beings Have No Identical Self PART 7 Social and Political Philosophy What is Freedom? Dostoevski: Freedom and Authority Mill: Freedom is Independence from the Majoritys Tyranny King: Freedom and Racial Prejudice Tong: Feminism in the New Millennium Which Government Is Best? Hobbes: Monarchy Is Best Locke: Democracy Is Best Marx: Communism and Nonalienated Labor Is Best Tocqueville: The Limitations of Democracy Popper: Utopias Lead to Violence PART 8 Applied Social and Ethical Problems The Abortion Issue English: Are Most Abortions Moral? The Pornography Issue Ward: Should Pornography Be Censored? The Homosexuality Issue Gould: Is Homosexuality Unnatural or Immoral? The Animal Rights Issue Singer: Do Animals Have Rights