This second edition presents the first update on a consensus process during which all evidence from the literature with a survival benefit in the perioperative period was gathered, and in which 500 physicians from 61 countries worked to confirm the findings.Perioperative morbidity and mortality currently represent a public health problem, as mortality alone is 1-4% in Western countries. Surprisingly, randomized evidence of survival benefit in the perioperative period is available for only 12 topics, while two drugs have been demonstrated to increase mortality. This book offers a complete description of each topic with updated evidence from the literature. Each chapter deals with a specific drug or technique and is structured into the following: background knowledge, main evidence from the literature, and a practical how-to section.