This book focuses on the Chinese health impact induced by ambient temperature variation, especially the epidemiology-based exposure-response relationship with the mortality and morbidity from respiratory, cardiovascular diseases, and mental health among Chinese population.<div>A great number of epidemiological studies have reported that ambient temperature is closely associated with a wide range of health outcomes, such as mortality, cardiovascular and respiratory events, adverse birth outcome, and some infectious diseases, such as dengue fever, malaria. Although a number of epidemiological studies in western countries have evaluated the adverse health effects of ambient temperature, the exposure-response relationship from these countries cannot simply be applied to the Chinese population due to the large differences in temperature profile, exposure pattern, as well as the population vulnerability.